How was the European airline industry transformed from national fragmentation in 1957 to a point in 2006 where the European Commission could negotiate with the US for an Open Aviation Area on behalf of all twenty five members of the European Union? What can explain the change in mindset that saw conservatism and the tight regulation of the airline industry replaced with increased competitiveness and the subsequent rise of the low cost no-frills airline? In his new book, Alan P. Dobson draws from a mass of European documentation, including interviews with officials and airline executives and a unique collection of personal papers, to answer these questions.

Dobson traces the liberalization of the airline industry from the 1970s right through to the present day, illustrating how integration came about and which forces were driving it. The approach is comprehensive, focusing on the work of the Commission, market forces, the voices of airline industry interests and on key individuals in the policy making process. The story concludes with an overview of the attempts by the EU and the US to create an Open Aviation Area that would embrace their respective airline industries allowing free operation of services throughout their territories and mutual ownership and control of each others airlines.

This book is a key resource for students and researchers interested in aviation and international policy, as well as academics engaged with European integration, globalism and economic history.

How was the European airline industry transformed from national fragmentation in 1957 to a point in 2006 where the European Commission could negotiate with the US for an Open Aviation Area on behalf of all twenty five members of the European Union? What can explain the change in mindset that saw conservatism and the tight regulation of the airline industry replaced with increased competitiveness and the subsequent rise of the low cost no-frills airline? In his new book, Alan P. Dobson draws from a mass of European documentation, including interviews with officials and airline executives and a unique collection of personal papers, to answer these questions.

Dobson traces the liberalization of the airline industry from the 1970s right through to the present day, illustrating how integration came about and which forces were driving it. The approach is comprehensive, focusing on the work of the Commission, market forces, the voices of airline industry interests and on key individuals in the policy making process. The story concludes with an overview of the attempts by the EU and the US to create an Open Aviation Area that would embrace their respective airline industries allowing free operation of services throughout their territories and mutual ownership and control of each others airlines.

This book is a key resource for students and researchers interested in aviation and international policy, as well as academics engaged with European integration, globalism and economic history.

This second edition of a successful book has been updated and extended and, as its predecessor did, presents students with an essential and concise introduction to postwar US foreign policy. This book explores the key questions of who makes policy, why, in what style or tradition, under what kinds of democratic controls and in what kind of international environment. Updated to include recent developments in US foreign policy, and with expanded chapters, this new edition provides challenging and thought-provoking analysis of the crucial issues, including: the accession of George W. Bush; September 11th and the recent war in Iraq; containment; presidential war powers; realism and idealism; the Cuban missile crisis; Vietnam, Panama, Yugoslavia and Kosovo; the New World Order; and, US interventionism and exit strategies.

This book provides an examination of contemporary Anglo-American relations. The 1940 Destroyers for Bases deal arguably marked the birth of an Anglo-American 'special relationship', which formed the cornerstone of Western defence against first the Axis powers and then the Soviet Union and its allies. Anglo-American relations have rarely been so intensely in the media and public spotlight for such a sustained period as they have been since 9/11. Military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan, high-profile intelligence failings and questionable practices such as 'extraordinary rendition' have all drawn substantial scrutiny and criticism of Anglo-American relations. Familiar questions are thus being revisited: the degree of Britain's influence in Washington, the impact of Atlanticism upon Britain's relations with Europe, and the extent to which the special relationship is an unrequited British preoccupation. At the same time, other important developments have been taking place with, overall, ambiguous implications for Anglo-American relations. For instance, the nuclear relationship has been galvanised by the former Labour government's commitment to retaining Britain's deterrent, and strategic dissonance is evident between Whitehall and Washington as the latter looks increasingly to Asia and the global financial crisis has seen the Anglo-Saxon economic model under siege. The book will be of great interest to students of US and UK foreign policy, diplomacy and International Relations in general.

For civil aviation to progress it has never been just about technology and business practices. To go from the rudiments of the early services that plied across short distances in Europe and America to what we experience today required most of all that politicians and policy-makers address the central problems of national sovereignty over air space and national ownership and control over airlines. Those problems have plagued the development of seamless and efficient air services for consumers in the international sphere. One would have thought that international airlines might have led the way towards a uniform globalized system given the nature of their enterprise, but that has definitely not been the case. Sovereignty and security issues have more often than not trumped commercial arguments for a more level playing field for international airlines. There has thus been an on-going tussle between sovereignty, state security and mercantilist practices on the one hand and the ambition for civil aviation to flourish on the other. As one early commentator put it:' one is convinced that the sovereign state cannot be left without authority over what happens just above its territory, (but) ... one shrinks from the idea that aerial navigation could be the object of narrow-minded restrictions.' How those narrow-minded restrictions were gradually eroded, though still not eliminated, to enable civil aviation to flourish is at the heart of this work. This book will be of direct interest to students of aviation, modern history, international relations and transport. It is also of value to airline industry professionals and government transport departments.

For civil aviation to progress it has never been just about technology and business practices. To go from the rudiments of the early services that plied across short distances in Europe and America to what we experience today required most of all that politicians and policy-makers address the central problems of national sovereignty over air space and national ownership and control over airlines. Those problems have plagued the development of seamless and efficient air services for consumers in the international sphere. One would have thought that international airlines might have led the way towards a uniform globalized system given the nature of their enterprise, but that has definitely not been the case. Sovereignty and security issues have more often than not trumped commercial arguments for a more level playing field for international airlines. There has thus been an on-going tussle between sovereignty, state security and mercantilist practices on the one hand and the ambition for civil aviation to flourish on the other. As one early commentator put it:' one is convinced that the sovereign state cannot be left without authority over what happens just above its territory, (but) ... one shrinks from the idea that aerial navigation could be the object of narrow-minded restrictions.' How those narrow-minded restrictions were gradually eroded, though still not eliminated, to enable civil aviation to flourish is at the heart of this work. This book will be of direct interest to students of aviation, modern history, international relations and transport. It is also of value to airline industry professionals and government transport departments.

US Foreign Policy since 1945 is an essential introduction to postwar US foreign policy. It combines chronologic and thematic chapters to provide an historical account of US policy and to explore key questions about its design, control and effects.

New features of this second edition include:

• expanded coverage of the Cold War
• new chapters on the post-Cold War era
• a chronology and a new conclusion that draws together key themes and looks to the future.

Covering topics from American foreign policy-making, US power and democratic control, through to Cold War debates, economic warfare, WMDs and the war on terrorism, US Foreign Policy since 1945 is the ideal introduction to the topic for students of politics and international relations.

This book provides an examination of contemporary Anglo-American relations.

Anglo-American relations, sometimes controversially referred to as the Special Relationship, constitute arguably the most important bilateral relationship of modern times. Yet in recent years, there have been frequent pronouncements that this relationship has lost its specialness .

This volume brings together experts from Britain, Europe and North America in a long-overdue examination of contemporary Anglo-American relations that paints a somewhat different picture. The discussion ranges widely, from an analysis of the special relationship of culture and friendship, to an examination of both traditional (e.g. nuclear relations) and more recent (e.g. environment) policies. Contemporary developments are discussed in the context of longer-term trends and contributing authors draw upon a range of different disciplines, including political science, diplomacy studies, business studies and economics. Coupled with a substantive introduction and conclusion, the result is an insightful and engaging portrayal of the complex Anglo-American relationship.

The book will be of great interest to students of US and UK foreign policy, diplomacy and International Relations in general.

The relationship between Britain and America has been one of the most important bilateral relationships the world has ever seen. This work covers the whole of the 20th century and employs selected historical detail to expose this complex relationship in its true light. Dobson rejects the claim that the US was ever hegemonical. He explores the special relationship between the two nations paying close attention to: World War I; inter-war economic relations; the Suez Crisis; Iran in the 1960s; Grenada in 1983; and the Gulf War. These events demonstrate that America has had to bargain with Britain, and not always get its own way. However, the two nations have co-operated in every major crisis from the Great War to the Gulf War, and together promoted liberal democracy and capitalism. This story reveals both more interdependence and conflict than has been recognized in the past. Nuclear, intelligence, defence and other links between the USA and Britain continue to this day, but the importance of the special relationship has diminished for both countries.